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Reinke’s edema is a fairly common cause for vocal problems in middle-aged women who smoke. The cause of voice problems is an edema of the Reinke’s space in the vocal fold, which is the result of many contributing risk factors. In the diagnostic procedure and treatment of patients with Reinke’s edema, these risk factors must be identified, eliminated or at

Death cap (lat. Amanita phalloides) is generally considered the most toxic known mushroom. Amatoxins (the main toxin being α-amanitin), which death cap produces, are the most toxic cyclopeptides. They cause liver, renal and central nervous system damage. Within the cell they bind to the RNA-polymerase II and inhibit DNA transcription. The result is the arrest of cell’s protein synthesis.

The hallucal sesamoids are part of the capsuloligamentous complex over the plantar aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Although being small they are vitally important to normal weight bearing and foot mechanics. Normally, they transmit up to 50 % of body weight and during push-off can transmit loads greater than 300 %. Especially tibial sesamoid has to transmit great amount of

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. It belongs to a group of diseases called tauopathies, for which abnormal tau protein aggregation in the brain is the hallmark feature. First case reports and descriptions of CTE were published as early as the first half of the 20th century. Today it is recognized that despite sharing some of the

Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital anomaly characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells of the bowel. The length of the aganglionic segment varies. Aganglionosis is most frequently confined to the rectosigmoid colon. The recognition of the disease early in the neonatal period and modern management paradigms result in excellent functional results with minimal morbidity and mortality.

Hypoglycaemia is one of the most common acute complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Regardless of the patients’ age or mode of treatment (intensive insulin treatment with insulin pens or sensor-augmented continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion), it represents a major challenge in their daily lives. The diabetology team has to be aware of the numerous reasons for hypoglycaemia and consider them

Human retina contains two types of photoreceptors. Rods are very sensitive and enable vision in dim light conditions, whereas cones mediate daylight vision and color detection. In photoreceptors, absorption of photons causes conformational change and activation of visual pigment rhodopsin which in turn activates signalling cascade that leads to biochemical, electric and secretory cell response. The first step in phototransduction

BACKGROUNDS. The diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial deformities are based on optimal functional occlusion and especially on the facial soft tissues appearance. The aim of this study was to assess soft tissue characteristics of the face in children without malocclusionduring the primary dentition phase in order to evaluate the differences between the average boy’s and girl’s faces.

METHODS. 28 children